the four gentlemen are four subjects that are popularly depicted in ink painting. they are; bamboo which represents summer, orchids that represent spring, chrysanthemum which represents fall or autumn, and plum blossoms that are also representative of winter. they are also the first subjects taught at formal schools because they have strokes that can be easyly taught and can be used for just about everyother subject. for example you might use the leaf stroke taught by bamboo to paint a bird or a fish, and the stroke used for old plum branches would be well suited for use in a landscape.
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